Exercicis de passiva i causative — Anglès 1r Batxillerat

'Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.' Past simple (was + written) i, com que l'agent és rellevant, s'inclou amb 'by Shakespeare'.

'English is spoken all over the world.' L'agent ('people') és genèric i s'omet.

are made.
Passiva en present simple: am/is/are + participi. Make - made - made.

was cancelled (o canceled en anglès americà).
Passiva en past simple: was/were + participi. El subjecte és singular, per tant was.

The old bridge has just been repaired.
Passiva en present perfect: has/have + been + participi.

will be announced.
Passiva en futur: will + be + participi.

The letter wasn't sent yesterday.
La negació va a l'auxiliar de la passiva (was not / wasn't) i el participi es manté.

My bike has been stolen.
L'agent (someone) s'omet perquè és desconegut i no aporta informació.

cut.
Estructura: have + objecte + participi. Cut és igual en infinitiu i participi (cut - cut - cut). Vol dir que un perruquer em va tallar els cabells.

Fals.
Have + objecte + participi vol dir que hem encarregat a una altra persona que faci l'acció. Ella no va rentar el cotxe: ho va fer algú altre.

'The window was broken by the storm.' La passiva demana el participi (broken), no el passat simple (broke).

'The students were told the results.' La persona (the students) passa a subjecte; la cosa (the results) es queda darrere el verb.

'The workers were paid a bonus.' La persona (the workers) passa a subjecte i la cosa (a bonus) es queda darrere el verb.

'I need to have it repaired' (o 'get it repaired'). Causative have/get + objecte + participi (repaired).

'She had her teeth checked last week.' Causative en passat: had + her teeth + checked.

The essay must be handed in by Friday.
Passiva amb modal: modal + be + participi. Hand in és un phrasal verb i la partícula (in) es manté després del participi.

A new sports centre is being built in Vic.
Passiva en present continu: am/is/are + being + participi.

It is said that the mayor is very rich.
The mayor is said to be very rich.
Aquesta estructura s'usa amb verbs com say, believe, think o know en textos de notícies.

We got the windows cleaned.
Get + objecte + participi és sinònim de have + objecte + participi, però més col·loquial.

being told.
Després de like (preferència general) fem servir el gerundi; en passiva, being + participi.

a) The new law was approved last week. Amb una referència de temps tancada (last week) cal el past simple.
b) The house is being painted at the moment. El present continu passiu és is/are + being + participi.

Personal: 'I was given a book.' / Amb la cosa: 'A book was given to me.' La forma preferida és 'I was given a book.'

'He had his phone stolen on the train.' Causative de contratemps: had + his phone + stolen.

'I'm going to have my house painted next month.' Si ho fa un professional, cal el causative have + objecte + participi (painted).

The dog was looked after by the neighbours while we were away.
Els phrasal verbs amb objecte mantenen la partícula (after) darrere del participi.

a) We are going to have our car serviced next week.
b) She had her portrait drawn (by a painter).
c) She had her house broken into last month.
El causative també s'usa per expressar una experiència desagradable que ens passa.

We were made to rewrite the essay (by the teacher).
Després de make en passiva, el verb que segueix passa de l'infinitiu sense to a l'infinitiu amb to. Error típic: we were made rewrite.

The painting is believed to have been stolen in 1990.
(Alternativa: It is believed that the painting was stolen in 1990.)
El 'to have been + participi' indica que l'acció és anterior al moment en què es creu.

La va fer ella mateixa: a) i c).
La va encarregar a una altra persona: b) i d).
A c), herself emfatitza que ho va fer sense ajuda; a b) i d), have i get + participi indiquen que algú altre ho va fer.

Model: The kitchen was designed by a famous architect. The walls have been painted white. We had the roof repaired last month. We are going to get a new door fitted. It is said that the house is more than 200 years old.
Revisa que cada passiva porti un participi i que el causative segueixi l'estructura have/get + objecte + participi.

a) The road should have been repaired months ago. (modal + have + been + participi)
b) We may be being watched. (modal + be + being + participi; la passiva contínua porta being)
c) The tunnel will have been finished by 2030. (future perfect passiu)
L'agent (they, someone) s'omet perquè és indeterminat.

a) The students were made to do extra homework: en passiva make porta to.
b) He denied having been seen at the scene: deny + gerundi (perfecte passiu).
c) The new stadium is expected to open in May: l'estadi no pot esperar; és esperat (passiva).
d) I don't remember being told about the meeting: remember + gerundi per a un fet passat; passiva de gerundi.
e) Many accidents could be avoided: modal + be + participi.

a) The president is thought to be living abroad. (infinitiu continu: l'acció passa ara)
b) He is said to have been a spy. (infinitiu perfecte: l'acció és anterior a l'afirmació)
c) Prices are reported to be rising. (infinitiu continu)
Regla: acció simultània = to + infinitiu (simple o continu); acció anterior = to have + participi.

a) have + persona + infinitiu sense to: ordre o encàrrec directe, normalment a algú que té aquesta funció o obligació.
b) get + persona + to + infinitiu: es fa que algú ho faci, sovint convencent-lo o insistint-hi.
En tots dos casos la persona agent és expressada; en have/get something done l'agent s'omet.

a) We are having our roof repaired at the moment. (També getting.)
b) We'll have the new heating system installed next week. (També get.)
c) I've had the brakes checked this morning. (També I have got the brakes checked.)
Aquesta estructura indica que l'encàrrec és fet per un altre; el temps verbal es marca en have/get.

a) being interrupted: hate + gerundi passiu.
b) to be signed: need + infinitiu passiu (també es diria need signing, que té sentit passiu però forma activa).
c) to be chosen: hope + infinitiu passiu.
d) being given: remember + gerundi per a un fet passat, en passiva.

a) The case is being looked into (by the police).
b) My application has been turned down.
c) The children have to be taken care of.
d) He shouldn't be laughed at.
La preposició o partícula del phrasal verb es manté darrere del participi; no es pot separar.

Model de resposta:
Chocolate is made from cocoa beans, which are harvested in tropical countries. First, the beans are fermented and dried. Then they are roasted and ground into a thick paste. Sugar and milk are added, and the mixture must be heated and stirred for many hours. Finally, the chocolate is poured into moulds and cooled. Small factories can have their products packed by machines, which saves time.
Claus de correcció: (1) passives en temps correctes amb participi; (2) un passiu amb modal i una frase amb have/get something done; (3) seqüència lògica amb connectors (first, then, finally).

1. has (present perfect passiu: has been converted).
2. been (past perfect passiu: had been left).
3. to (certain to be demolished).
4. had (causatiu; també s'accepta got).
5. to (is said to have cost, passiva impersonal).
6. will.
7. is (is expected to be recovered).
8. were (past simple passiu).

1. production.
2. environmentally (adverbi que modifica damaging).
3. workers.
4. disposable.
5. consumers.
6. legislation.
7. transparency.
8. awareness.

a) will be given (futur passiu amb doble objecte).
b) have my website designed (causatiu).
c) is believed to have (infinitiu perfecte, perquè la fuga és anterior a la creença).
d) was made to sign (en passiva, make porta to).
e) wasn't told (també was not told).

La correcta és b): had + objecte + participi per a un fet desagradable que ens passa.
a) The suspect is believed to have fled the country last night: l'acció és anterior, cal infinitiu perfecte.
c) I had my brother fix the bike (o I got my brother to fix): have causatiu actiu porta infinitiu sense to.
d) ...is currently being discussed: passiva contínua amb being.
e) The children were allowed to play in the garden: let no té forma passiva; s'usa allowed to.
f) It is said that the castle is haunted / The castle is said to be haunted: no es barregen les dues estructures impersonals.

a) The missing painting hasn't been seen since 1998.
b) I had my suit altered last week. (També got.)
c) Visitors aren't allowed to take photographs.
d) The minister is reported to be considering resigning.
e) We should have been warned about the storm.

Model de resposta:
Facial-recognition cameras are being installed in more and more public places, and their use has divided opinion. In my view, the risks outweigh the benefits unless strict safeguards are introduced.
Supporters argue that crimes can be solved more quickly when suspects are identified automatically. It is often claimed that dangerous people have been caught thanks to this technology. Moreover, the systems are said to deter crime in busy areas such as stations and stadiums.
However, there are serious objections. Citizens who walk down a street may be tracked without having been informed, and their data could be stored for years or even sold. Furthermore, these systems are known to make mistakes: innocent people have been wrongly accused because their faces were misread by software.
For these reasons, I believe the technology should only be used if clear laws are passed, if images are deleted after a short period and if decisions are never left entirely to machines. Until such conditions are met, citizens should not be expected to accept being watched in every public space.
In short, security is important, but it must not be bought at the price of freedom.
Claus de correcció: (1) postura clara amb arguments a favor i en contra; (2) passives variades i una estructura impersonal; (3) connectors i registre formal.

a) In the first sentence someone else did the repair, and I arranged it (causative). In the second I did it myself.
b) Got herself arrested suggests she was responsible for the situation, perhaps through her own foolish behaviour. Was arrested simply reports the event, without suggesting blame.
c) Was broken is a passive: it describes an event in the past (someone or something broke it). Is broken describes the present state of the window, with no information about when or how it happened.

1. was (I was given, passiva amb complement indirecte com a subjecte).
2. were (were kept waiting).
3. been (past perfect passiu: had been prepared).
4. had (past perfect: l'avís és anterior a la preparació).
5. be (had to be taken).
6. would (would be grateful, fórmula de cortesia).
7. to (was able to happen).
8. be (expect to be compensated).

1. introduction.
2. inaccurate.
3. controversial.
4. uncertain.
5. constantly (adverbi).
6. fairness.
7. transparency.
8. spectators.

a) have had my car keys (present perfect causatiu).
b) is thought to (passiva impersonal amb infinitiu simple).
c) being stared (being stared at, gerundi passiu).
d) get my sister to (get + persona + to + infinitiu).
e) was made to (en passiva, make porta to).

a) A bridge is being built across the river (by engineers).
b) I didn't expect to be invited.
c) She has never been beaten at chess.
d) He was fined by the council because he parked illegally.
e) We have the offices cleaned by a company every night. (També get.)

Model de resposta:
Mobile phones are now carried by almost every teenager, and the question of whether they should be banned in schools has been debated for years. In my opinion, a complete ban is justified.
First, phones are known to distract students. Lessons are interrupted by notifications, and research suggests that pupils who are allowed to use their devices in class learn less. If phones were left in lockers, more attention would be given to teachers.
Second, a ban can protect pupils from online bullying and pressure. Messages are often sent and shared during break time, and victims are sometimes humiliated in front of the whole school.
Admittedly, phones can be useful tools: they allow quick research, and parents can be contacted in an emergency. However, schools can have emergency calls made from the office, and computers can be used for research.
To sum up, although a few benefits cannot be denied, the disadvantages are far greater. Schools should therefore have phones switched off and stored away during lessons, and students should be taught to use them responsibly outside class.
Claus de correcció: (1) postura clara amb contraargument; (2) passives variades i una construcció causativa (have emergency calls made, have phones switched off); (3) connectors i cohesió.